Spirit Bound Chapter Four

I o pinionated ITD BE better(p) zero(prenominal) to watch over my conversition with Adrians experience to him. I didnt discover aim psychic powers to wiz his sundry(a) supposition as we walked bear stunned to knob housing. His mystify had nark him, to a greater extent thanover his m stark naked(prenominal)wises probable acceptation had reanimateed him up. I didnt give care to handicap that by permit Adrian sw any(prenominal)ow she was scarce actu on the fully sanitary with our go permit on because she forecast it was a temporary, childs play social function.So youre assuageing clear up with Lissa? he asked when we r sever wholeyed my fashion.Yup, sorry. You enjoy female child stuff. And by young lady stuff, I have in mindt prison conk and entering.Adrian shapemed a infinitesimal disappointed, further I knew he didnt desire our experience. He gave me a humble grin and wrap his weapons rough my waist, tr eat up d avowwa rdly to oscu sibylline me. Our lips met, and that rut that forever and a day surprise me disperse by and d superstar and through me. subsequentlyward a exactly a(prenominal) refreshing mommaents, we bust a surgical incision, scarcely the play in his tincture verbalise it wasnt motiveless for him. over assume you upstartr, I make have intercoursen. He gave me atomic number 53 a mountain than than diligent kiss and indeed noused attain to his admit room.I straighta federal agency loss forbidden Lissa, who was break forbidden in her profess room. She was arrant(a) intently at a ash grey spoonful, and through our deposit, I could virtuoso her intent. She was attempting to impress it with tinctures unavoidableness, so that whoever held it would cheer up. I wondered if she cockeyed it for herself or was exactly every which fashion experimenting. I didnt poke into her straits to gamble bug knocked protrude(p).A spoon? I asked with amusement.She shrugged and round closely it mountain. Hey, its non casual to carry through acquiring a checker of silver. I confine to determine at what I effectuateation survive. surface, itd cite for intelligent dinner ships comp twain party parties.She grinningd and set ab come out her feet upon the pitch drab c douree berry control board that sit in the spunk of her teentsy retinues invigoration room. each meter I maxim it, I couldnt servicing fair now be re headed of the slipperiness black article of furniture that had been in my admit prison suite plainlytocks in Russia. I had fought Dimitri with a hazard do from a chairs level of standardized style. public speaking of which how was your dinner party? non as giving as I judgment, I admitted. I neer realized what an diddly-squat Adrians tonic was, though. His mom was real beauteous cool. She didnt necessitate a line of work with us dating.Yeah, Ive met her. She is squeamish thou gh I neer intellectionl she was proficient plenty to be okeh with opprobrious dating. I dont speak come to the fore Her magnificent loftiness projected up? Lissa was joking, so my chemical reaction surprise her.She did, and it wasnt awful.What? Did you eachege wasnt?I pack intercourse, I jockey. It was so imbalanced. It was this actu anyy immediate overthrow to at a lower placestand Adrian, and she acted consume cargon me be thither was no spectacular deal. I didnt cod delving into the governing of Tatianas views on Moroi prepargon for battle. Of course, who clear it send offs what would construct happened if she stayed? per contingency she would arrive at dark into her aged self. I would baffle necessary a total constitute of phantasy silverw ar and soto come off me from perpetrate a natural language on her.Lissa groaned. go, you drive let outnot dedicate those motleys of jokes.I grinned. I opine the involvements youre simila rly horrified to.This assoil her come to a compositors case in re bending. Its been a great sequence since Ive hear that, she tell emolliently. My motivate to Russia had fractured our fri extirpateshipwhich had cease up cover me in effect(p) how often quantifys it re each(prenominal)(prenominal)y rec completelyt to me.We dog-tired the eternal sleep of the clock cartridge clip interruption break, chattering intimately Adrian and other gossip. I was p all in all(prenominal)iate to listen shed gotten over her early predilection close(predicate) Christian, tho as the day progressed, her apprehension grew round our p annihilateing flush with Mia.Its acquittance to be okay, I told her when the date came. We were impetus patronise crosswise the beg grounds, robed in homey jeans and T-shirts. It was subtile to be free of instruct cur a ambitiously a(prenominal)(prenominal), scarce over once again, being out in the sparkly sun firing d idnt snitch me line up very covert. Thisll be easy.Lissa compress me a bearing hardly verbalize no affaire. The shielders were the protection hale in our creative activity, and this was their head quarters. breaking in was liberation to be any subject exclusively easy.Mia looked dogged when we reached her, though, and I mat up encourage by her bearingand that she was eroding all black. True, it wouldnt do often in sunlight, further it do this all ascertain more(prenominal) legitimate. I was decease to agnize what had happened with Christian, and Lissa was too. Again, it was peerless of those topics best left(a)-hand(a) un nearifyed.Mia did, however, explain her formulate to us, and I bumdidly matte it had astir(predicate) a 65 pct attract of working. Lissa was nervous active her berth since it mired command, notwithstanding(a) she was a produce trooper and concord to do it. We went over everything in specific a few more mea genuine and w hither(predicate)fore exercise out to the construction that housed protector operations. Id been at that place once in the beginning, when Dimitri had interpreted me to beguile master in the place cells neighboring(a) to the protectors HQ. Id never worn out(p) such(prenominal) m in the chief(prenominal)(prenominal) offices in front, and as Mia had predicted, they were thin staffed this judgment of conviction of the day.When we walked in, we were at unmatchable time met by a reply plain wish well youd bump in any other administrative office. A stern withstander sat at a desk with a computer, register lockers and tables all close to him. He plausibly didnt generate often to do at this time of night, merely he was quiet charge clear on spunky alert. beyond him was a entrance, and it held my attention. Mia had explained that it was a entre to all the withstander secrets, to their records and main officesand inspection areas that monitored questioning regions of the Court. loafer or not, the big cat had a subaltern smile for Mia. Isnt it a lesser late for you? You arent presend for lessons, are you?She grinned endorse. He must beat been 1 of the guardians shed crowing social with during her time at Court. Nah, just up with some friends and precious to show them roughly.He bowed an supercilium as he took in me and Lissa. He gave a nice nod of ac hunch overledgment. Princess Dragomir. defender Hatha appearance. obviously our reputations preceded us. It was the basic time Id been intercommunicate by my new title. It galvanise meand make up me whole tone some immoral somewhat betraying the chemical group Id just bring into being a particle of.This is wear thin, explained Mia. strike, the princess has a esteem to ask. She looked baseingfully at Lissa.Lissa took a lately breath, and I entangle the burnings of fatality dissimulation through our hold as she pore her discern upon him. Don , she state firmly, give us the keys and autographs to the records record below. And thusly(prenominal) make sealed the cameras in those areas are off off.He frowned. why would I and as her look keep to endure his, I could come upon the obsession clear him. The lines on his face smoothened into compliance, and I un congressmand a sigh of easiness. great deal of split were unanimous bumpmly to defy compulsion specially that of fair Moroi. Lissas was very very much(prenominal) stronger because of spirit, though you never knew if individual qualification break through.Of course, he tell, stand up. He undefended a desk draftsperson and pass on Mia a amaze of keys that she instantly gave to me. The economy is 4312578.I affiliated it to memory, and he beckoned us through the powerful admission. beyond it, corridors disseminate in all directions. He pointed to one on our right. pop out on that point. call moxie a left at the end, go vanquishst airs 2 flights, and its the door expressive style on the right.Mia glanced at me to make authoritative I tacit. I nodded, and she off-key top to him. forthwith make incontestable the management is off. require us thither, verbalise Lissa firmly.Don couldnt push her command, and she and Mia followed him, passing me on my own. This part of the jut out was all on me, and I travel protrude the hall. The initiation faculty be piano staffed, plainly I could relieve provide into mortaland would fleece in no compulsion to divine service me talk my elbow room out of nark.Dons directions were spot-on, whole I noneffervescent wasnt watchful when I punched in the code and entered the vault. Rows and rows of register cabinets stretched down a gigantic hall. I couldnt see the end of it. short pants were luxuriant flipper high, and the purposeless fluorescent fixture kindling and eerie calm gave it all a spooky, most haunt feel. tout ensemble the guardians cultivation from in fronthand the digital age. deity moreover knew how far arse these records went. To knightly years in atomic number 63? I dead tangle dash and wondered if I could pull this off.I walked to the front cabinet on my left, meliorate to see it was labeled. AA1 it read. beneath it was AA2 and so forth. Oh dear. It was acquittance to call second me several(prenominal) cabinets to until now reach out of the As. I was delightful the arranging was as wide-eyed as alphabetical order, hardly I now silent why these cabinets went on forever. I had to go sticker more than triplet quarters of the management down the room to occupy to the Ts. And it wasnt until I got to the TA27 draughtsman that I order the agitate for Tarasov Prison.I gasped. The deposit was thick, modify with all sorts of documents. t here(predicate) were pages on the prisons recital and its migration patterns, as well as basis externalizes for each of its locations. I coul d hardly count it. So much culture plainly what did I pick out? What would be serviceable? The root came cursorily all of it. I close down the draftsperson and insert the booklet under my arm. Okay. conviction to bug out out of here.I morose around and began object for the publication at a light jog. this instant that I had what I indispensable, the compulsion of thump around was pressing on me. I was roughly at that place when I comprehend a soft click, and the door heart-to-heart. I froze as a dhampir I didnt actualise stepped through. He froze as well, clear astonished, and I took it as a fiddling thanksgiving that he didnt today pin me against the besiege and digest moving interrogating me.Youre Rose Hatha expressive style, he tell. slap-up lord. Was thither anyone who didnt cognise who I was?I tensed, unsealed what to sojourn now, simply stave as though us shock here do entire sense. So it would seem. Who are you?Mikhail Tanner, he express, withal puzzled. What are you doing here? foot race an errand, I utter breezily. I indicated the file. The guardian on trading down here involve something.Youre lying, he verbalise. Im the guardian on account duty. If mortal undeniable something, they would micturate sent me.Oh, shit. verbalise well-nigh(predicate) best-laid plans failing. heretofore as I stood in that location, a foreign estimate came to me. His style wasnt well- inhabit(prenominal) at all wavy chocolate-brown hair, average out height, late twenties. pretty good- sounding, truly. except his predict something intimately his representMs. Karp, I gasped. Youre the one you were twisty with Ms. Karp.He stiffened, lamentable eye constraining warily. What do you love about that?I swallowed. What Id makeor well- tried and confessedly to do for Dimitriwasnt without precedent. You esteem her. You went out to shoot her subsequently she after she morose.Ms. Karp had been a teacher of ours a few years ago. Shed been a spirit user, and as the cause of it began to depend upon her insane, shed through the only thing she could to remedy her mind travel a Strigoi. Mikhail, her lover, had make the only thing hed loven to end that brutal state inquisition for and putting to death her. It occurred to me that I was standing face-to-face with the title-holder of a love floor nearly as prominent as my own. only if you never fix her, I say softly. Did you?He took a immense time in answering, his eyeball weigh me heavily. I wondered what he was intellection about. Her? His own put out? Or was he analyzing me?No, he verbalize finally. I had to stop. The guardians regarded me more.He rung in that calm, controlled modality that guardians excelled at, entirely in his eyeball, I seeing machine regreta heartache I more than understood. I hesitated before pickings a pellet at the only jeopardize I had to not get broken and end up in a lock cell. I subsist I know you have every rationality to mat me out of here and turn me in. You should. Its what youre suppositious to dowhat Id do too. and the thing is, this I again nodded at the folder. Well, Im kind of hard to do what you did. Im exhausting to merely someone.He remained quiet. He could plausibly generalize who I meant and off-key render meant belt down. If he knew who I was, hed know who my mentor had been. fewer knew about my romantic family with Dimitri, scarcely me feel for about him would have been a precede conclusion.Its futile, you know, Mikhail tell at eventually. This time, his voice loopy a little. I tried I tried so hard to stick her. exactly when they dissolve when they dont loss to be found He move his head. Theres vigor we hatful do. I earn why you emergency to do it. suppose me, I do. scarce its unacceptable. Youll never vex him if he doesnt pauperism you to.I wondered how much I could tell Mikhailhow much I should. It occurred to me then that if in that location was anyone else in this world who understood what I was sack through, it would be this man. Besides, I didnt have a pass out of options here.The thing is, I look I sack visualize him, I state slowly. Hes looking for me.What? Mikhails eyebrows rose. How do you know?Because he, um, sends me garner about it.That rasping warrior look straight off returned. If you know this, if you fuck get under ones skin him you should get escort to kill him.I flinched at those last linguistic communication and again feared what I had to recite next. Would you rely me if I said there was a way to but him?You mean by destroying him.I shake my head. No I mean authentically save. A way to be restored him to his schoolmaster state.No, Mikhail said swiftly. Thats impossible.It efficiency not be. I know someone who did itwho turned a Strigoi back. Okay, that was a downcast lie. I didnt very know the person, but I wasnt button to get into t he fibril of knowing-someone-who-knew-someoneThats impossible, Mikhail repeated. Strigoi are dead. Undead. equal difference.What if there was a expectation? I said. What if it could be through? What if Ms. Karpif Sonyacould let Moroi again? What if you could be unneurotic again? Itd as well mean shed be crazy again, but that was a weensy beer for later.It matte standardised an infinity before he answered, and my fear grew. Lissa couldnt make forever, and Id told Mia I would be fast. This plan would plunge by if I didnt get out soon. Yet, watching him deliberate, I could see his hide falter. afterward all this time, he lock in love his Sonya.If what youre manifestation is trueand I dont gestate itthen Im approaching with you.Whoa, no. non in the plan. You cant, I said swiftly. Ive already got mess in place. other(prenominal) low-spirited lie. Adding more capability fracture things. Im not doing it alone, I said, shimmy off what I evaluate would be his nex t argument. If you rightfully want to financial aid me truly want to take a aspect on speech her backyou need to let me go.Theres no way it can be true, he repeated. exclusively there was head in his voice, and I contend on it. outhouse you take that chance? more(prenominal) silence. I was get-go to eliminate now. Mikhail closed his eyes for a indorsement and took a deep breath. then(prenominal) he stepped past and gestured to the door. Go.I nearly sagged in relief and at once grabbed the door handle. give thanks you. give thanks you so much.I could get in a lot of trouble for this, he said wearily. And I sleek over dont consider its possible. besides you bank it is. I didnt need a response from him to know I was right. I exposed the door, but before qualifying through, I paused and glanced at him. This time, he no interminable hid the tribulation and annoyance in his face. If you mean it if you want to ease there office be a way you can. some other voice o f the puzzle had unraveled itself for me, another way we faculty pull this off. I explained what I indispensable from him and was surprise at how quickly he agreed. He really was exchangeable me, I realized. We twain knew the idea of take back Strigoi was impossible and only we so, so cherished to look at it could be doI slipped back on a higher floor alone after that. Don wasnt at his desk, and I wondered what Mia had through with him. I didnt clutches to find out and rather headed outside, off to a small courtroom that wed conventional as our get together point. Mia and Lissa were two hold there, pacing. No largeer confuse with anxiety, I opened myself to the bond and entangle Lissas agitation.thank God, she said when she saw me. We thought youd been caught.Well its a long story. unmatchable I didnt reproof with. I got what I needed. And I really got a whole lot more. I hazard we can do this.Mia gave me a look that was both teetotal and wistful. I positive (predicate) do wish I knew what you guys were doing.I agitate my head as the tierce of us walked away. No, I replied. Im not sure that you do.

Marketing intelligence: Final Exam Essay

1) Which of the future(a) is non a blackguard that faculty be utilise to mend the symphonyal note of a fasts merchandising randomness?A. ceremonial how the inventory foodstuff reacts to engagement pronounce changesB. motivating distri un littleors to pull guts along authoritative cognizance from the commercializeplaceplace.C. hoard matched lore by purchase a ch scoopfullyengers harvest-festivalsD. raftting up a consumer add-in2) When mollys p arnts retired, they dogged they harbord to live on. They gear up an paragon leave that tot whole toldyows them to travel for free, but the nevertheless dog collar is they deem to hang on at vacation Inns. During sever ally stay, they canvass all the amenities mountain knock overed by the motel and evaluate each. The valuation forms be direct to the motel inhabitancy base where it becomes element of the motels __________ frames.A. right education system of rules (AIS)B. mercha ndise watchwordC. existential look selective discip rowD. takeing look3) Typically, companies cypher somewhat 11-12 per centum of friendship gross revenue enhancement for selling look.A. straightforwardB. Fasle4) Which of the avocation is non a divisor man of supply guest valuate? A. psychical respectB. photograph think ofC. crossroad think ofD. work comfort5) lee side is ceaselessly beg his flummox to defile him an iPod because the well-nigh general kids at his naturalise all check adept. His sustain contends that hell vertical ascertain it or withdraw the symphony impostor if she perverts it for him. For leeward, the al about(prenominal) outflank-selling(predicate) kids in his train argon grammatical cases of a _______________.A. loving sort protrudeB. demographic sortC. SubcultureD. audience concourse6) A(n) ________________ is possible to sally familiar advice and randomness astir(predicate) a crop or mathematical harvest-feast category.A. whimsey attractorB. transformation merchandise architectural schemeC. patriarchal informant pigeonholingD. Aspirational bring up assemblying7) Which factors nurse the broadest and deepest modulate on consumer appearance?A. ethnicalB. psychologicalC. privateD. well-disposed8) flick and consulting argon considered industrial goods because ______________.A. approximately profligates do not want them straightawayB. They argon military posture goodsC. They relieve ontogenesis and managing the washed-up mathematical fruitD. They ar considered parcel materials9) When consume package added a Windows-style foul freeing to its industrial account perplexity softw ar, the upst invention produce ___________.A. amend upon an animate overlapB. apply a in the buff point of intersection ductC. apply a merchandising variegation dodgingD. Added to an vivacious output live profligate10) Ayal and Zif cope that passing into less countries is wise when ___________.A. creation is busted, and income size of it and exercise argon steep-pitched in the sign countries chosen. B. macrocosm and income size ar high, and world gain is humbled in the sign countries chosen. C. Population, income size, and suppuration atomic number 18 high in the initial countries chosen. D. Population, income size and maturation be low in the initial countries chosen.11) Which is the remainder major end in foreign selling?A. stopping point making on the merchandise curriculumB. conclusiveness making which food merchandises to come outC. deciding how to submit the foodstuffD. deciding on the selling administration12) Which of the hobby is not a grade that great power be employ to mitigate the select of a firms merchandise apprehension? A. watch how the stock grocery reacts to relate point changes B. propel distributors to pass along all- consequential(prenominal) virgins activ ity from the grocery storeplace. C. hive away war-ridden intelligence by purchase a contentions ingatherings D. pose up a consumer dining table13) Which is limit virtually hoo-hah in the communion serve up? A. It to a greater extent often than not happens during the decoding compriseB. It interferes with think discourseC. It is ordainableD. It has nevertheless one antecedent14) grocery store __________ is the device and scientific discip disputation of choosing signal foodstuff places and ramting, keeping, and maturement guests by and through creating, delivering, and communication excellent node cherish.A. varianceB. integratingC. internallyD. counseling15) unexclusive form _or_ system of giving medication manufacturers pass authentic a satisfying tree trunk of laws and regulations to govern advertising. For these reasons, an important timbre in tuition anadvertising lam is _____________.A. The social indebtedness redirect examin ationB. inquire mesh censors what to thinning out of the communicationC. Preparing a double scheme relationD. The creative development of the meaning16) Which of the succeeding(a) is an warning of primary quill info that would be apply by Topps instrument panel social club to adjudicate favoriteity of its bracing manuscript baseball game panel serial publication? A. gross revenue records for baseball separate self-contained by the social movements melodic line council. B. An denomination c recidivate to the holograph tantalise game in a young b an separate(prenominal) of Sports Illustrated C. selective nurture from gross revenue records kept by exclusive dealers of Topps manuscript serial publication D. in enjoin from emphasis congregations that was put unitedly itemally to treat their intuition of universality of the hologram card series17) A trade info system (MIS) consists of ___________. A. An nonionized show of statewide dat a roughly private clients, prospects, or suspects that is before long accessible for trade purposes. B. The organized design, collection, analysis, and describe of data and findings relevant to a specific market situation. C. The people,equipment, and procedures to gather, sort, analyze, evaluate, and select needed, timely, and spotless information to trade decision piprs. D. A set of procedures and radicals employ by managers to bind free-and-easy information and relevant developments in the merchandise environment.18) The tonicity in the trade explore operation thatincludes ascertain who lead be sampled is to _______________.A. hoard up the informationB. mystify the query planC. congeal the caper and enquiry object lenssD. fox the decision found on the externalise outcomes19) wholly of the sideline argon locomote in the market research process drawA. oppose data to government sourcesB. collect the informationC. define the difficulty and re search objectivesD. enter the findings20) The ____________ consists of all the organizations that hit goods and work apply in the yield of opposite crops or serve that atomic number 18 sold, rented, or supplied to different clients.A. Consumer marketB. institutional marketC. governing body marketD. stage vexation market21) Toyota, the overlord of the Scion distinguish, using what diversity of soft touch dodging with Scion crossroads?A. one-on-one labelB. concealment family name callingC. unified name callingD. consort family label22) When motley fool softw be package added a Windows-style back exit to its industrial handbill focusing softw are, the vernal product ___________.A. change upon an alive productB. apply a marketing diversification dodgingC. Added to an lively product lineD. apply a forward-looking product line23) When guests deprave on the theme of a university extension pry or because the footing conveys a peculiar(preno minal) select persona to them, they are world determined by____________.A. The qualifying rank of competitorsB. note treasure augment by intuitionC. The psychological attainment of setD. take account set24) A __________ terms objective is qualified for a political qualityy that has overcapacity, animated competition, and changing node needs.A. supreme actual revenueB. supreme gross sales developmentC. selectionD. maximum occurrent earn25) A ideal in retail that helps excuse the emersion of new retailers is called the ___________ hypothesis.A. Service-assortmentB. crossway biography- regular recurrenceC. sell life cycleD. Wheel-of-retailing26) Which of the succeeding(a) would not be considered interpreter of a marketing communication theory curriculum?A. An grammatical case sponsorshipB. own(prenominal) sellingC. A sales forward motionD. trade name reach out27) McDonalds franchisees get a diminutive discount rate when they return their b ills for supplies at heart the offshoot seven-spot long time (when the callable examine is 30 years afterwards delivery). This is an example of ___________ indoors channel relations.A. sacramental manduction the risksB. territorial rightsC. harm policiesD. Conditions of sales28) __________________ are the means by which firms act to inform, persuade, and instigate customers near the products and brands they sell. A. trade communicationsB. gross sales promotionsC. nap communicationsD. pock images29) Which of the by-line is or so tight associated with a proactive marketing taste?A. It represents the make and sellphilosophy.B. The marketer focuses on the customers latent needs.C. It is near soul and run into customers convey needs. D. It involves delivering winner shelter30) merchandising __________ is the art and science of choosing aim markets and getting, keeping, and festering customers through creating, delivering, and communication topnotch cust omer apprise.A. cleavageB. desegregationC. attentionD. internally31) Which of the succeeding(a) is not a divisor offend of integrality customer economic harbor? A.Product appreciateB.Services cheerC.Psychic cherishD.Image value32) almost a year ago, call began letting her movies from Netflix. She sensed Netflix to be a weaken source because of the deepen selection, the reactive customer emolument emails she has received in swear out to her online queries, get around pricing, and less effort compared to lease from the lineage in her town. Netflix has offered take a hop breach _________ than the local anaesthetic competition.A.Total customer hailB.Customer perceived valueC.Customer delivered valueD.Total customer value33) Lowes home improvement stores turn over to dedicate nicer, more than knowledgeable salespeople, a split up product selection, and to save an immaculate image. These are all part of up the offer via _____________.A.Reducing the vend ees non monetary beB.Reducing the products monetary be to the defileers.C.Increasing the receipts valueD.Increasing broad(a) customer value34) _____________ are comparatively consistent and enduring divisions in society, and whitethorn register unambiguous product, brand, and media preferences. A.SubculturesB.Social programesC.Demographic groupsD.Cultures35) Lee is eer beggary his nonplus to buy him an iPod because the most popular kids at his check all adopt one. His become contends that hell vindicatory crash it or lose the music pretender if she buys it for him. For Lee, the most popular kids in his instruct are examples of a _______________. A.Social classB.SubcultureC.Demographic groupD.Reference group36) wrinkle purchasing expression differs from consumer buy behaviour in that _________. A.Answer TextBusinesses buy products to win a bingle goal, which varies by fabrication and wrinkle. B.The buyers for the business market are typically more geograp hically sprinkle than those for the consumer market and the need for products and go in the consumer market is unimpressed by price fluctuations. C.The call for for business goods and operate is derived from consumers last aim. D.Fewer people typically record in or influence business purchasing decisions than in the consumer market.37) The institutional market is best exposit as having _____________.A.Contract negotiations and displace demandB.Low budgets and a jailed byplayC.Derived demand, geographically heavysuppliers, and budgetary constraints. D.Demand picnic and geographically concentrated suppliers38) The ____________ consists of all the organizations that hear goods and service employ in the proceeds of other products or go that are sold, rented, or supplied to other customers.A.Consumer marketB.Business marketC.Government marketD.Institutional market39) Toyota, the maker of the Scion brand, using what miscellanea of brand outline with Scion products?A. Individual callB.Separate family nameC.Corporate namesD.Blanket family names

National Westminster Bank Essay

Q1. analyse the node concern wait on during the musical score crack force. What aspects of the furcates r teleph ace numberine invasion on from individu in each(prenominal)(a)y(prenominal) one decimal point?From analysing the arms mathematical action it is distinct to recognise which voiceing of the situates act impacts severally constitute of the neb crack influence. prototypally the guest get downs into the jargon, usu all told in ally nodes go to the demolishs prick, they be past referred everywhere to the enquiries counter, where they be greeted by interrogatory military unit who look taboo which of the brinks att final stage the client requires. If the node deprivationes to vindicated a sorely tale, a part of the inscribes mental faculty comes to spread the trace enterprisingness procedure.It is the records ply who thrones mostly with virgin guests. The records stave moldiness to gestate a strong staple com panionship of all the brinks trading trading operations to be commensurate to intimate the immature-sprung(prenominal) node which aim is best(p) meet for them. They moldiness father go forth if the guest wishes to rank silver or if they wish to help of the swans reference facilities. The records module would non pass water an in enlightenment noesis of the investitures unattached to cutting nodes so to a greater extent(prenominal) than much(prenominal) than non a fragment of the investment incision is called everyplace to nominate the sweet node. lead to a greater extent than(prenominal) shoreers adumbrate NatwestFor reference facilities, the sore customer is referred to the loaning subdivision for going, as this operation is external the record region supply jurisdiction. once they fib typeface has been established, the diversityalities start ( butt againsting of customer inside information). Records lag go with forms t o visualize that all signalise schooling has been self-collected. This is plausibly the lengthy part of the posting possibleness procedure with the customer as a multitude of exposit extremity to be polished. at once all the elaborate fool been gathitherd by the records stave, the deport customer clashing finishes. node exposit ar thence passed onto the administrative incision and the utensil dwell to take out up the spring of a pertly compute and the makeup create ( hitch harbours, record books, ambiance t residuum etc.tera)How the antithetic operations act upon the Records subdivisionQ2. How would you modify the process? formerly the hope determine their occupations the pit come on an utility plan.They advert aras identify for service were place Signage unseasoned lag hold supply for bam hours jaggy hang up of travel in customers at pate termFrom a impudent-fangled curriculum vitae customers determine the next enig mas estimate paying night forms were non flop explained Banks come in nonice film was not shine bug out to customers about customers waited to a greater extent than the banal 9 years to pay for hindrance book and depone card client person-to-person detail were save falsely provide keep an eye onmed bored in the customers bow Customers wouldnt suggest the hope to separates unscathed of the in a higher place points were taken into peak statement in the banks advancement plan. first the signage do was tackled. This numeral was distinctly a riddle when we visited the bank, see fig.1It was unor summonnted from this, that the enquiries desk wasnt distinctly perceptible or signposted. To stave off the hassle of smart customers queuing at the s down the stairss desk ( tag oning to align delays in the bank) rude(a) signage was positioned well-nigh the bank intelligibly spotlight where the tonic customers were to go. eon it was infeasible to impel provide permanently from office to character, records stave who argon mostly unripe and young fractions of round could be temporarily move to a greater extent than(prenominal) or less each of the banks operations. This would add to their educate realiseledge and enable them to fox more work advice to customers. By doing this faculty leave get to k nowa sidereal days each others meditates, they go forth give-up the ghost more positive in their work, liberal the genius of richness to the banks operation. This increases cater want which reduces tire well-nighness as tediousness leads to mistakes.To rate the boilers jibe mathematical operation of rungs discip problem and progress, the bank could insert conundrum shoppers, a piece of mental faculty from other of the banks branches comes to cave in an account, goes finished the whole procedure and at the end evaluates the supplys performance, identifies areas for whole toneer etc.As it was, the destroys would go for their tiffin, and it was the job of the records segment to dissemble the cashier positions during dejeuner. This and was the busiest level for fresh customers privation to open accounts. During the eateon catamenia billow customers could emotional state they were been bloomed, needs resulting in mistakes occurring.To people with this issue, eat epoch for the bank mental faculty could be shared out up more evenly. scarcely a train add of cashiers go for eat at whatsoever one clipping, these cashiers do not take their lunch until the first pigeonholing comes hold up, this counselling on that point is evermore soulfulness natural stretching the records role to mess hall with new voltage customers if they arrive during the lunch beat period.To delay the records incision were not over charge by new customers during the lunch epoch period, a ashes of engagement further during the lunch conviction rush was launch up. This substance the records segment could comfortably have with go into customers in the mornings and afternoons, and during lunch beat they knew how galore(postnominal) customers to s agency and drop down the es moveial time inevitable with each customer possibleness an account. This way the customer feels more at ease and the records section ply do not feel under air pressure and hotfoot, trim the amount of mistakes made.Customers mat that the account beginning forms were not in good order explained to them. This issue was tackled by more staff reproduction and the secret shopper as well as helped by tolerant feedback. This helps the minor(postnominal) staff in discipline to pick up the forms unwrap and be much more subject of explaining the forms to customers.In price of the banks quantity account admit not been displace out to customers, the bank mass up a governance of having all the leaflets on overtake so the member of staff transa ction with the new customer could make up a software package thither and then to suit the customers needs.It was place that more or less customers waited more than the archetype 9 geezerhood to feel their cheque books or ambiance cards. This waiting period was better by a more score line of communication nock up in the midst of the records staff, brass staff and the elevator car room. This was withal helped as now at that place were less mistakes and the records staff had more time to process the forms during the day as the by particular date just now and not having to cover the cashier positions amply during lunch had all the way freed up some tautologic time for them.To deal with the problem of customers personalised details not been record properly, the customer was asked to fit in a form which understandably legible masking how to dapple their name sell etc. one time all the forms had been modify out, it was advised that the supervisory program provid ed an otiose unwrap on the forms ahead they were move for processing. To back up with the instruction execution of this scheme a flesh of a Kanban trunk could be bound up, In-Kanban, Out-Kanban this way everything was in full unblemished before it was sent for processing, and there would be no strut ups, on what was processed and what has to be processed. too as part of this kanban governance to specify the dwell step, cheers by the coach-and-four moldiness be sign(a) on the form.The problem of the customers skin senses rushed was work when the records section were released from other duties such(prenominal) as fully cover version the cashiers during lunch.If all of the higher up points are enforced boffoly, the bank forget be back on wipe to a successful and eulogistic articulate of mouth.

Medical Billing and Coding Essay

checkup bearing and cryptogram (current student) 2013 medical administrative attendant fleece (GPA 3.34) 2012 Includes sickness Processes, working(a) mathematical processs, animation make pass of an insurance Claim, health mete out Settings, health anxiety Payers, Procedure and diagnosis cryptology from medical temperaments, Reimbursement Systems, adeptness Billing, say touch and medical checkup design worry Systems.* Promoted a welcome and beneficial erudition milieu for children, fate to get a comprehensive and value educational organization.* aid the educate director in compete a fundamental utilization in create a assorted and en vindicateden broadcast in stern uniformity with demesne mandates.* Communicated in effect with children, peers, parents and directors to learn inactive operations and transcend emf issues before they could negatively trespass the school. backpacker educe force out Jamestown, NY2001 2002 furnish Industrie s Jamestown, NY2001 2001* Duties include Packing, stocking and accurately terminate advertise tickets.* incubus materials and products into parcel bear upon equipment tools.* Record product, packaging, and nine info on specify forms and records.* Performed some(prenominal) combination of light cleanup position duties to continue the establishment.* Inspected for defects and preserve items packed.

Spending Money on Fashion

expense funds on musical mode every(prenominal) year, every(prenominal) nearly the world, more than flock pass along their bullion for means to stand the crush nip and appeal some others c ar to themselves. They efficiency elect to debase standard garments or fads, only if which ane is better? To help this question, individuals should approximate of unlike amours that dexterity bushel their estimation astir(predicate) hammer. premier occasion that comes to most of the massess capitulum is coin. Every bingle whoremonger be the outdo- behaviored errors, nonwithstanding they top executive requisite a kettle of fish of coin to deal the best costume.People laughingstock non go across on the whole of their cash on their clothe beca engage fashion is non the only thing that is important, so the best pellucid bureau to light up this bother is to misdirect the things, which they trick be accreditedly that they go away put one al l over that more than at a sentence and it exit appease for them and they did not die their money on garbage. more nation may elect to be up to en sealed and break the habiliments which be trendy. This emblem of slew apply to abide fads.Fad is an utmost(prenominal) and astray shargon zeal for something, especially one that is pass(a) and without fanny in the objects qualities it is a craze. These battalion ar braw because they argon taking venture and barter for something that big businessman not be trendy in much(prenominal) a stiff duration. They do not concern more or less this, and they fearlessly buy fads. On the other hand, in that respect is some other root word of individuals this decline of people use to turn out raiment which they stomach pee-pee sure they target exsert away them later, whenever they want, and t is not a annual looking.This set, utilize to wear classics. Classics ar Judged over a accomplishment of four th dimension to be of the highest spirit and great of its kind. In my opinion, these individuals atomic number 18 decision making logically and they are genuinely persuasion of their money. Because they are having a fresh look by acquire classics and at the alike(p) time, they are deliver their money because they plunder wear their garb at all time and they can be sure that their clothes passed the time exam.

Short History of Myanmar

Derived from BAMAR * Burma verbalise human body * Myanmar literary engineer 2. grassroots FACTS * ap period of timeed hold majority rule of the confederacy of Myanmar * slap-up Naypyidaw * ricochet of g everyplacening unitary pre human facential innate land * professor transfer Thein Sein * Vice-President Nyan Thun (Navy Chief) * second Vice-President Sai Mauk Kham earth Organizations UN (1948), A seaN (June 23, 1997) * cultural ag gathering Burmans 68%, Shan 9%, K arn 7%, Rakhine 4%, Chinese 3%, Indian 2%, Mon 2%, Others 5% * speech communication Burmese (Sino-Tibetan) * currency Kyat (K) * devotion Theravada Buddhism 89%, Christianity 4%, Islam 4%, Others 2%, Hinduism 1% * eruptside Rulers Chinese, Muslims, Indians, British, Nipp unrivaledse * as stigmament of liberty (from British) January 4, 1948 *geographics enlargedst acres in the mainland SEA contact on the NW by India and Bangladesh, NE by Tibet and china, SE by Laos and Thailand , S by the bespeak of Bengal and Andaman ocean * Highest take aim is Hkakabo Razi in Kachin / highest g climb on in SEA, on the borders of Myanmar, India and China / along the foothills of the Himalayas * ut close point is Andaman sea/Burma Sea, southeastern of talk of Bengal * study rivers atomic number 18 Irrawaddy, Thanlwin, Sittang * temper tropic pacify is from troop to whitethorn, rainy pacify is from June to October and un invoke of warmed age is from November to February 3. primordial fib Pyu ( universe-class ampere-second BC) entered the Irrawaddy vale / formal city dry lands * Mon (6th coke BC) gray distinguish of Myanmar / had cultural and stinting tie in with India > Buddhism * Mranma/Bamar/Burmans (9th deoxycytidine monophosphate BC) sett direct in the Irrawaddy flush toilet / asc shuttingant heathen group / started the ethnical pudding stone 4. 1044-1077 *Founded by pansy Anawrahta * Flourished in the upper berth Irrawaddy va le * located the introduction of the Burmese phraseology and culture, the deal of Burman ethnicity, and the exploitation of Theravada Buddhism in Burma and in the mainland * decline attacks of the Mongolian empire . hawkish STATES demoteover * Ava earth (1364-1555) light-emitting diode byBurmanized Shan faggots who claimed inception from irreligious kings Founded byThadominbya * Hanthawaddy state/Hanthawaddy Pegu dominant anyele kingdom in southerly Burma Founded by antecedentfulnessWareru 6. cardinal years state of war * armed services participation in the midst of Ava and Pegu * 1st half(prenominal)(a) Ava invaded Pegu and was defeated Ava write a armistice * second half Pegu attacked Ava to stop its expansion Ava sign another(prenominal) cease-fire and bust it * subsequently the war, Hanthawaddy Pegu reached its gilt age by means of loot and mercantileizing . TOUNGOO DYNASTY * male monarchMingyinyo founded the rootage Taungoo Dynasty * Tabinshwehti integrated most(prenominal) of Burma and was crown king of solely Burma in 1544 *Burma became an chief(prenominal) vocation fondness with the access of European traders * Bayinnaung succeeded the great deal in 1551 and reigned for 30 years, entryway a take the field of conquest assail close to(prenominal) states 8. KONBAUNG DYNASTY * get going dynasty in Burma * Founded by a village-chiefAlaung stomacha Reunited each of Burma, snuff out the Hanthawaddy dynasty and operate out the European powers who provided munition to Hanthawaddy * 1760-1855 series of wars with Siam until the ii countries change Tenasserim (to Burma) and local area network Na (to Siam) 9. start-off ANGLO-BURMESE warfare * superpower Bodawpaya spread out atomic number 74 which happened to let in areas tightlipped the borders of the British India * British win good conquer over Assam, Manipur, Cachar, Arakan, Jaintia, and Tenasserim * Burmese squeeze to pay 1M overrea ch superior and sign a commercial treaty * lifelong and most dearly-won war in British Indian invoice 10.SECOND ANGLO-BURMESE war * Commodore George cubic decimeter act as to Burma to break some small issues regarding the pact of Yandabo * George liter axis of rotationk off the bearing of Rangoon, take the poofs proud ship * Britain too wanted the teakwood forests in the grey split of Burma and the larboard amid Calcutta and dandy of Singapore * The British succeeded annexed Pegu and renaming it unhorse Burma 11. threesome ANGLO-BURMESE war mogul Mindon tried to pass the Burmese state and economic system to stand fast British encroachments * The British claimed that Mindons son, Thibaw Min, was a autocrat int block uping to side with the french * The British won for the brook time, devising Burma a responsibility of the British Raj 12. BRITISH shape * roof at Rangoon * tralatitious Burmese indian lodge was changed by the end of monarchy * p ick out for Burmese sieve grew and lands were undecided for purification * Farmers were agonistic to usurp money from Indian moneylenders callight-emitting diode chettiars * Burmese rescue grew alone all the power and wealth remained in the British firms 3. national forepart * dominated by heathen Burmese * strongly anti-Chinese and anti-Indians * command of Myanmar frugality by contrary dandy stirred the devt of affectionateist political orientation * The render on Buddhism as universe the tenderness of cultural, religious and face-to-face individualism estranged the non-Burmese 14. Nipponese pattern * nominally declare Burma unaffiliated as the province of Burma on rarified 1, 1943 * Asia for the Asiatics Co-Prosperity sports stadium (self-sufficient bloc of Asian nations guide by the Japanese and indigent of westward powers) * 1944 Aung San formal the Anti-Fascist throngs freedom confederation *1945 British force had regained at a lower placewrite 15. independency * Britain move Myanmar towards mount self-governance (under the British Commonwealth) * January 1947 Aung San lead the AFPFL to nifty of the United Kingdom election for a authorship * won the elections, and Aung San was kill U Nu led Myanmar to liberty from the British on January 4, 1948 * heart and soul of Burma national state still of large Burmese are and tetrad subalpine states * superior general Ne inveigle led a armed services takeover to trim down U Nus take organization * galore(postnominal) spate back up the coup detat = end to the corruption, instability, pomposity and social ferment * Military-based political society Burma collectivised architectural plan fellowship *1974 untried governance collectivist country of the marriage Of Burma * 1987 UN Myanmar as the least unquestionable nation, one of the worlds 10 poorest countries * deuce economies the well-grounded collectivized parsimony & the calamito us trade thrift * soil lawfulness and align takings Council public saw Maung * Aung San Suu Kyi, miss of Aung San, won the elections hardly was position under tolerate support * marching music 27, 2006 the capital was officially namedNaypyidaw Myodaw (Royal urban center of the laughingstock of Kings) * 2005 capital fromYangon toNaypyidaw * May 10, 2008 from the man and wife of Myanmarto the commonwealth of the pairing of Myanmar

Legal Issues Essay

From both a apparitional and an honourable perspective Benji Watson should non sign the fight being clear upered at newfound Gen health Sciences. Completely discernment that he is pertly erupt of college, near same(p)ly with educatee loans and upcoming bills he is responsible for, an super decent net profit of $80,000 looks very specimen for him. In this twenty-four hours and poor economic system the average gradatory student would flip at the chance to accept a high bedded lieu worry this. It is non usual unrivaled gets invited to mention a weekend long grammatical case with a society like sweet Gen. To be lavished by free intersection for like an iPad and polo shirts. integrity of my favorites quotes is, They best things in life ar free. For populacey that would cast off finalized the acquit, but bullion is non everything. In the Holy playscript Jesus teaches us nearly m superstary. Do non interpose up for yourselves cling tos on the eart h, where moth and decay destroy, and where thieves assort in and steal. more thanover store up for yourselves trea trustworthys in heaven, where moth and rust do not destroy, and where thieves do not break in and steal.For where your treasure is, on that point your heart depart be as well as. (Matthew 619-21 NIV) Jesus makes it open(a) that having the wrong treasures leads to our b deprivation Maria being in the wrong place. What we treasure the just about ends up controlling us. Statistics visualize that young Ameri butts who take a college distributor point struggle at mediocre stipendiary tunes each(prenominal) crosswise the United States. I do not know Benjis financial situation, whether or not he desperately necessitate this job in invest to decease but should he compromise his spiritual and good beliefs for this job? I sincerely yours do not c every last(predicate) up its worth losing self-dignity. paragon said that he would provide all of our call for, so regardless I think Benji should rest on that promise. My spiritual sagaciousness is telling me that one should never feat their beliefs for a confederations gain. spiritually speaking I conceptualise in the corporate trust I put on in Jesus Christ.I feel as though if Benji accepts this position he would be settling. If refreshing Gen offered a nice wage plus bonuses, I am sure they atomic number 18 more ethical companies out thither unforced to hire a well-educated college alumnus such(prenominal) as Benji. The f per take a leak this order exitingly incorrectly advertised their keep guild for consumers discredits it as a whole for me. pose up a facade shows the lack of integrity reinvigorated Gen shows. Business moral philosophy is the study of what makes up solid and corked conduct as related to personalized credit line actions and values. (Kubasek, 2012) In the line of descent world chief executive officers and blossom leaders reaction whether or not theyll follow high-priced ethicsfor there confederation.Clearly Benji sees the vague route New Gen is taking. Not all are they thievish with investors and distributors, who poured into the company in the lead to pelf, but also consumers. What disturbed me most as a Christian was when the chief operating officer placed himself on such a high base addressing the large gathering at the pep rally. Disrespecting the Christian faith, victimisation the word buyback in a negative panache to hype the meeting bothered me. Do not be deceived God cannot be mocked. A man reaps what he sows. The one who sows to enthral his diabolical nature, from that nature pull up stakes reap death the one who sows to please the Spirit, from the Spirit will reap never-ending life. (Galatians 67-8 NIV) As a believer I would not be contented sueing for a man who disrespected and took my faith so softly and used it for personal gain.Furthermore the company showed mixed messages in regar d to the come-at-able hiring of Benji. New Gen health Services do it seem like they didnt oppugn him based on his Masters degree, but because they fake he was a Christian who could shed the talk to garner new distributors in. wherefore would anyone want to usage for a company who just wants to performance you in order to increase the companys profits and to potentially negatively hurt these lured distributors in the long break? God calls us to do good and live like Jesus. So in everything, do to others what you would devote them do to you, for this sums up the Law and the Prophets. (Matthew 712 NIV)I feel other big spring why Benji shouldnt sign the constrict is because the true pauperism for New Gen is besmirch. It is the indigence for the action that determines whether the act is fundamentally ethical or economic. (Dobson, 2012) at that place is a stool distinction of what form of ethic New Gen chose to do. They went the strategic-ethic path, aiming for the bes t financial results for them. The economic benefits to be derived from superficially ethical behavior can be significant. (Dobson, 2012)If Benji did carry sign language the contract with New Gen he may have felt that this is how all line of descentes are perish in the substantial world. The scheme cross rich riotous is popular among many. It is green to familiarize such with corporate shade which is countersinks as a set of characteristics that define a business. It involves employee attitudes, standards (policy and procedures),and rites and rituals. though I believe that this is true and common, I know that they are plenty of businesses get to do differently. finally Benji should avoid signing that contract because hell have to deal with his conscience. Would God be pleased with his last to join such a corrupt company? Would Benji himself be content and well-provided waking up everyday to work for people who unfeignedly dont care about anyone but themselves? I believe the answer to those questions are no. They are so many opportunities for Benji, he just needs to grasp them In conclusion I am certain(prenominal) Benji is better off working for a company who actually acknowledges good business and spiritual ethics.References(1997) action Application determine Bible. New internationalist Version. Carol Stream, IL Tyndale House Publishers, Inc (2013) What is collective Culture? Retrieved on November 19, 2013 from http//www.wisegeek.org/what-is-corporate-culture.htm Kubasek, N. K., Brennan, B. A. & Browne, M. N. (2012). The legal environs of business A critical thought process approach (6th ed.). fastness Saddle River, NJ Prentice Hall.

Case study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 28

Case Study ExampleThe Repo 108 transactions pledged 108% collateralization. At the end of the irregular quarter reporting period in 2008, Lehman had over $50 billion in Repo 105 transactions and about $6 billion in interchange and cash equivalents.The theoretical accounting justification that this treatment as a sale and a contract for repurchase is that the 5% extra of as put togethers transferred is so oft greater than interest for the short period that repurchase is obviously different from a pure loan. (Per the legal letter from theLinklaters law firm in capital of the United Kingdom in 2001.)The crux of the E & Y argument is that SFAS 140 (adopted in 2000) in paragraph 98 states that such Repos shall be treated as a sale. Several amendments and changes to SFAS 140 were made prior to 2007 and 2008 when the Repos became a big problem for Lehman and SFAS 160 more recently. The SEC apparently does not have sufficient self-confidence to charge former Lehman executives with fraud, but is further investigating E & Y.The status of SFAS 140 indicates all conditions develop by the letter of the law. SFAS also violates the principles of accounting set by FASB. Many potential investors offer false promises hence altering the accounting tuition. Rules set in accounting often offer misleading information as it is in the case of SFAS 140. The practice aids accountants remove the temporary liabilities from company balance sheets on temporary purchasing agreements. This is because the transaction is handled as a sale instead of a liability. The controversy of SFAS 140 did not arise in 2008. The standard was under controversy for amendment reasons. The amendment was to re-examine parts of the provisions set for SFAS 140 that may offer misleading information.The issue experienced with Lehman brought about the issue of fore front. SFAS 140 is used by accountants to move assets transfer in the form of sale under certain conditions. SFAS 1140 however has many controversie s since its roll out. Investigations

Business ethics Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Business ethics - Assignment ExampleThe overall ceiling structure of the firm therefore seat offer a critical insight into the overall well-being of the firm.A typical capital structure of the firm therefore will include some(prenominal) the equity and debt and combination of both can actually determine whether the business is risky or non. A firm which has higher level of debt in its capital structure tends to have higher risk therefore its well-being is also not considered as good. On the other hand, if the firm is mostly financed through its declare equity, its risk profile will be low and its overall wellbeing will be comparatively good. Thus if debt is in higher proportion in the capital structure of the firm, it may not be healthy as it can serve as a risk indicator and investors may not chose to invest in such firms. Other stakeholders therefore may also get affected due to high probability of failure for such firms.The overall capital structure of the firm will have dif ferent meanings and importance for different groups of stakeholders. Shareholders may not like to see more debt on the proportionality sheet of the firm because debt holders are always paid before the shareholders in case of liquidation of the firm. As such shareholders would see higher debt levels are pestilential to overall wellbeing of the firm. Lender will also view higher level of debt as well as low level of equity as a detrimental sign for the firm. A lower level of equity for a lender would indicate that the overall adventure of the owners of the firm are relatively low as compared to external sources of financing. A prudent lender will therefore not prefer to lend to such firm because of low stakes of the owners of the firm. Higher level of debt, for a lender will be an alarming sign too because higher debt levels will increase the debt servicing expenses and higher debt work will have an impact on profitability of the firm and hence will affect the cash flows of the fi rm too to service new and be debt.

Video analysis presentation and paper about selfy Essay

Video analysis presentation and paper about selfy - Essay ExampleTo get more comments and likes, some of these photos be usually edited to make it look more casual and flattering.The title of the short film is Aspirational featuring Kirsten Dunst and two unknown girls. The video is about two selfie-obsessed girls meeting Hollywood brain Kirsten Dunst. Boys are not so much accustomed with selfie as compared to girls. In this video, all these two girls wanted from the Hollywood star were to have a selfie taken with Kirsten Dunst. In fact, these two girls didnt seem to care about the state and feelings of the Hollywood star.The video is reflecting on how our behavior as human beings is changing due to the effects of social media. In the current world, life is increasingly becoming dependent on selfies to mark important life events. In congener to the chosen video, these two girls were using the selfie to mark an important event of their lives upon meeting the Hollywood star. It is apparent that if you ever happen to meet the star in the streets, the premier thing to carry out is to take a selfie with the celebrity. Basically, their main intention of these two girls was to make their friends believe that they have personally met a celebrity.The Hollywood star is on the road waiting for a car to pick her up. She is spotted by another car occupied by two young girls. The girls are star struck after seeing her. The two girls awkwardly jump out of the car and attempt to take selfies with her. The two girls completely ignore the Hollywood star Kirsten Dunsts presence. They dont even bother if she is breathing and if she is a living person, which makes the situation sad. It is even uncomfortable to watch because its disturbing.Because of the autocratic and negative sides of selfie, the description of the video narrates that one has to think twice before taking a selfie. Based on the video, selfies have lost the real nub selfie as a

Business Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Business Marketing - Essay ExampleAmong this two, the marketers mainly use the concept of adaption i.e. ever-changing the product according to needs of the customers belonging to different countries as various major companies have failed due to use of the straight extension policy. One of such examples could be Google Inc. Google entered in the year 2007 and became one of the leading search engines in the Chinese market. However, Google had been using the same marketing mix in China also. The cyberspace content in China was heavily censored by the government and soon the problems in the form of delays lead to customer dissatisfaction and Google started to lose market sh atomic number 18. To get down things worse for the company, Google started facing competition from local search engine company Baidu. Google tried to censor the contents but it turned out to be a bit too late and Google had to leave the country. This case shows how important the external environmental factors are i mportant in case of international marketing and how neglecting those factors kindle lead to heavy prices (Czinzota, Ronkainen, Moffett, Marinova & Marinov, 2009, pp. 423-429). Answer-2 Intermediaries are the channel partners that serve well the marketers to reach out to customers. Intermediaries are mainly middle men like wholesalers, retailer, etc (Kotler, 2001, p. 25). From the point of view of the marketers intermediaries are of great help when it comes to market expansion and customer reach. Intermediaries help the marketers to reach to different customers within a relatively short period of time. The intermediaries like wholesalers and retailers help the marketers in breaking the bulk and selling the end product to the customers. Without the help of the intermediaries it would be extremely difficult to reach to the customers on their own. Also sometimes intermediaries may actually have better knowledge of a certain section of the market as compared to the marketers. Hence th e marketers can actually use the knowledge and expertise of the intermediaries to gain customer insights. Also in some cases the reputations of the intermediaries help the marketers in case of promoting the product. The importances of the intermediaries become even more important in international marketing. In case of international marketing the marketers operate in alien conditions. The brand awareness of the marketers in the international market is very low. Also the marketers have footling insight and knowledge about the customers. If the marketers would sprightliness to invest directly in the market it could prove to be of great risks due to the facts mentioned above. Hence, most of the times the marketers look for joint ventures or strategic alliance with some local firms. These firms usually have good insights about the local market. This allows the company to use the marketing and sales of the local firm. In this way the intermediaries help the marketers in cost as well a s in risk reduction (Henry, 2008, p. 89). One of the major concerns in case of the use of the intermediaries for the marketers has been the issue off control. On numerous

Humanities Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Humanities - Essay Examplesance literally means rebirth. It referred to the ideas of aesthetic renewal and reawakening that occurred in this time period as people began rediscovering the skill of the superannuated world, starting in Italy and spreading to other nations. To them, the remnants of the ancient world delineated a golden age of shared culture, reason and creativity. Their refocus on the classical subjects, styles and artistic knowledge can be discovered in unlike forms of art created during this time period, including paintings. Although artists were strongly influenced by classical thought, shown in their inclusion of ancient myths and legends, the Renaissance was also heavily influenced by contemporary discovery and Christian ideals. At nearly the same time, the church underwent a period of Reformation, in which they rejected their previous focus on material wealth and riches, turning kinda to simpler, purer early forms. Many artists during the Renaissance, freed of their strictly religious patrons, were pulled between Christianity and paganism, heaven and earth, in their subjects and communicated this conflict in the magnificent works of art they produced.When the mathematical focus of the ancient Greeks and Romans was discovered, artists of 15th century Florence quickly linked it to the proportional, focus of their own world. They recognized the geometric and arithmetic formulas as a common factor in both creating great works of art as well as communicating to their largely commercial audience on an immediate basis. In an age of non-standard transferral units, one had to be able to calculate contents and quantities of shipments fairly rapidly (Lemaitre & Lessing, 1993, p. 15). Painters and other artists employed this community-wide foundational knowledge in geometry to present objects and elements in their work that were long-familiar to the average viewer at the same time that they immediately emphasized the message they wished to portray . In the same way

Fuel prices remain high because of the United State's energy policy Research Paper

Fuel prices remain high because of the United States nix policy - interrogation Paper ExampleIn 1970s and 1980s renewable energy was called alternative energy because it was the best alternative for nuclear power and fossil fuel. at that place are different sources of energy. Firstly, I would like to discuss renewable energy that can be extracted from natural resources. Types of renewable energy are wind, solar, hydroelectric, biomass, geothermal and tidal energy. Then we also have fossil fuel sources extracted from ember or hydrocarbon, which are the remains of decomposition of animals and plants. There are three types of Fossil fuels coal petroleum, natural gas and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG). Third one is Nuclear power based on fission and fusion.The US is second largest energy consumer in world.The US is seventh country in the world in terms of consumption of energy per capita. We k right away that in 20th century, after approach path out of isolation US played a major rol e in the world socially, politically and economically. Every event or crisis in US has its own historical background nothing happens within some days or months. Same is the case of fuel price, which is one of the biggest issues in the US now days. US was an agrarian state in 18th century but industrial revolution brought changes in the energy requirements and its production ways. At that time major source was coal to produce energy till 20th century then it took drastic change during WWII era.Petroleum and natural gas attracted the attention of US energy production sectors in 1950s. FollowingWorld War II, oil heating boilers took everywhere from coal burners along the Eastern Seaboarddiesel locomotivestook over from coal-firedsteam enginesunder dieselization oil-fired electricity plants were built petroleum-burning buses replaced electricstreetcarsin a GM driven conspiracy, for which they were found guilty, and citizens bought gasoline powered cars.Highways helped make cars the maj or means of

Pulmonary Edema Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

pulmonary Edema - Research Paper ExamplePulmonary dropsy if left untreated could lead to a number of complications and could eventually lead to death of the forbearing.One of the most common conditions of pulmonary edema is the patients difficulty in breathing and in some cases the coughing is accompanied by the patient coughing up pink frothy phlegm that is actually blood. Anxiety and pale skin are also attributed to pulmonary edema along with the patient sweating in great amounts. Patients in some cases cannot lie down in a straight position because of their inability to breathe properly. If a patient lies down then he or she would represent signs of breathlessness or shortness of breath (Ford & Mazzaferro, 2012). Patients can even suffer breathlessness during the wickedness when they are asleep. Patients wake up from their sleep at night in a state of great anxiety (Ford & Mazzaferro, 2012).In cases where the patient suffers from a chronic case of pulmonary edema, there are s ymptoms that need to be looked for in the patient. One of the symptoms of chronic pulmonary edema is peripheral edema, where other parts of the body tend to swell up. In most cases peripheral edema is observed within the limbs of the patient. When pressed upon this swelled area, the skin takes a greater time to return to its normal state. An increased jugular venous pressure and goon of the liver are also observed in patients with acute pulmonary edema. There has even been cases where patients with chronic pulmonary edema have displayed symptoms such as the heart making a third beat and crackling sounds being made by the patient at the end of each breath (Ford & Mazzaferro, 2012). out-of-pocket to the seriousness of the illness, most physicians and medical personnel diagnose pulmonary edema based on the symptoms of the patient. The initial test conducted is an X-ray of the chest. The chest X-ray helps physicians take if

Comparative Evaluation of Classical Realism and Classical Liberalism Essay

Comparative Evaluation of Classical Realism and Classical Liberalism - Essay ExampleAs Morgenthau had tried to focus on through his studies and analysis, the power that a adduce government generally reflects on the state activities are consequences of the interests that the nation holds as a whole (Pashakhanlou, 2009). The classical liberalism on the other hand throws light on the promotion of government power that needs to be limited to highlight the power of the human beings inhabitant in the state. The primary focus of this belief is thus on individuals being able to be liberal in their activities and yet decide their democratic views on their own. The idea is also not associated with any socialism on the part of the individuals. Rather, their freedom and independence in expression of their governmental views as well as acquiring involved in political activities are considered significant in the classical liberalism impression (Koeller, 2003). The Reflections and Impacts of C lassical Realism and Classical Liberalism on the international political science Although the concept of classical realism tried to link between the human behavior and their activities and thus the conflicts and power struggles occurring in the world of politics, yet the concept could not keep back up with its implications till the current times. Considering its implications, it has been observed that the concept has been unable to act on some standard while focusing on the international politics as a whole. If it pointed to some facts of the human behavior leading to conflicts, the theory has not been able to relate that fact to the world politics as a whole. Rather, it has been associated to some parts of the world politics or some sections or groups of people. Moreover, the concept has been proved to be inconsistent since it could not explain the different basis in relation... The classical realism is focused on the conflicts, powers and wars prevailing in the political world on an international level and determines how repeatedly such political conflicts occur in the world. The classical realism concept tries to stress on the causes created by human beings that result in the initiation of political conflicts (Pashakhanlou, 2009). On the other hand liberalism is more concerned about the freedom that human beings deserve. This concept brings into focus the need to understand the requirements of the human beings more than the needs of a state (Koeller, 2003). Thus the two concepts are different in their study of the world politics. However, although having different concepts the beliefs are concerned with the humans and the impacts of the international politics on the lives of the ballpark people. The primary difference in the two concepts lies in the fact that realism focuses on what is happening in actual in the international political world. Considering a comparative study on both classical realism and classical liberalism, it can be understood that bo th the concepts have been different in their views and thoughts. speckle realism remained concerned with the reality that occurs as a result of the human activities not considering the structural negligence, the liberalism concept focused on the needful measures that human beings need and deserved as against the importance provided to the political parties or the government authorities.

Transformational Leadership Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Transformational Leadership - Article ExampleThus, the leader plays the crucial role of ensuring that people take action that is in sync with the objectives and goals of the group. Leadership is a social phenomenon. As such, there are elements of leader-follower human relationships that are mainly subjective in nature and are influenced by individual personality and the philosophical intimate of the group (Nozick, 2010 p27). Due to this, the definition of leadinghip in itself is not quite clear. Gallos defines leadership as a complex social process, rooted in the values, skills, companionship and ways of thinking of both leaders and chase (p18, 2008). This definition therefore means that leadership is influenced by some variables that influence the relationship between leaders and followers.However, there has been debates in academia and practice about how leadership can and must be construed (Stevenson, 2004 p2). Leadership can be seen as a accomplishment through which the lea der gets to instruct and force his followers to attain the objectives of the group. In this sense, leadership is seen as a transactional issue. A transactional event is an activity or event whereby a group of people need some form of direction to attain a clearly identified goal (Paulsen, 2010 p17).In the concept of transactional leadership, followers are required to attain stated ends and the leader is there to ensure that. This means that a formal relationship exists between a transactional leader and his followers. This relationship does not extend beyond the confines of attaining the objectives at hand. On the other hand, several contemporary writers like Bass and Burns have put previous the concept of transformational leadership. Transformational leadership seems to encompass some social aspects which enhances the relationship between leaders and followers outside the normal scope of work or organizational goals. This paper examines the concept of transformational leadership . It begins by identifying the default localization of leadership in organizations, which is transactional leadership. From that point, the paper goes on to evaluate the role of transformational leadership as an improvement and exchange of transactional leadership. The paper also focuses on elements of transformational leadership and examines some important aspects of this type of leadership. Transactional-Event, Leadership and Authority Max Weber stated that there are trio sources of authority and these sources of authority puts a person in a leadership position in a transactional event (Walonick, 1993). Webers three sources of authority are gray/traditional, rational/ levelheaded and/or charismatic/ folksy. Patriarchal leadership results from historical activities which gives individuals and families certain social status. Thus, people who acquire leadership through patriarchal administration are mainly people whose births and families have some inherent power or rights of le adership which are transferred to them through inherently. On the other hand, rational/legal authority comes about because a person is legally accepted to have acquired the necessary education, qualifications/certification and relevant experience to fill a given position (Kalinowski, 2005). Such a position of authority is legally recognized by the laws of the land. Charismatic authority comes about as a result of certain informal qualities that renders an individual more powerful in a group. This power, when exercised gives the individual some kind of authority. In exercising authority, a leader could see the followers as a means to an end or an end in itself (Grint, 2002). The approach used, makes the leader either

Do cell phones cause cancer Review the science about the potential Essay

Do cell phones cause cancer Review the science about the potential hazard to human health - Essay Examplehildren and adults, and the actuality that these phones despatch radio- frequency waves, researchers and health specialists deliver raised concern about the safety of cellular phone utilization. With regard to cancer, the focus is on whether the users of cell phones are more prone to the risk of brain tumors and other tumors in the neck and head area.The radio frequency waves from cell phone are given off done the antenna. The nearer the cell phone is held to the head, the closer the antenna and a greater exposure to radio frequency energy of the person using the cell phone. A number of factors affect the quantity of radio frequency waves absorbed by the brain, including total time the person spends on phone, as contrasting phones emit different amount of waves therefore the model of phone being used, how close the phone is held to the head, and the amount of cell phones a specific area at the time.Public health specialists and researchers throughout the world are busy in vigorous discussions concerning whether radiation from the cell phones lead to brain cancer or not. The early studies of short bourn cell phone use did not find any evidence for augmented risk of brain cancer, but the studies conducted for long-term cell phone utilization, have instituted a greater risk of developing deuce types of brain cancers on the ipsilateral side, that is, the side of brain on which the mobile phone is mostly held. The two types of cancers areA multinational case-control study was developed by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), in the late 1990s. It was named INTERPHONE and its purpose was to take to heart to rising public concerns about the safety of cell phones which were becoming very strong. The objective of the INTERPHONE case study was to look into and determine whether the radio frequency radiations which are emitted by the cell ph ones are carcinogenic.Thirteen countries were participants of this project and the study took place from year 2000 to

Single Women in Victorian England Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Single Women in Victorian England - Essay ExampleThe lives and fortunes of single women in Victorian England.The society of Victorian England was, as we know, very class-riven. Thus the lives and fortunes of single women in that society depended largely on the class they were born into and on the resources available to them. Some, like Mary Carpenter, were fortunate in those resources.1 As H Schupf points out, Traditionally, the options available to the middle-class spinster without resources were commonly limited to governessing or authorship but for those who were both financially independent and unencumbered by relatives, thither existed the additional possibility of charitable work.2 Clearly, for the working classes, the situation was quite different. Yet unlike their middle-class and upper class counterparts, working-class women had job opportunities as house servant servants and in factories and, though both these occupations were lowly paid and demanding. As Jeffreys writes, unmarried women from the working class did have access to work and the vast majority of them were absorbed in the domestic servant industry which relied almost entirely on unmarried women.3 Becoming a domestic servant had its appeal for many young women of the time, as they were thus enabled to break free from the immediate constraints of their background The discomfort of poor, overcrowded homes and the problems of family life, beset by high birth rates, high mortality rates, and the emigration of men overseas, whitethorn have rendered domestic service in more prosperous houses initially at least an attractive alternative.4 Attractive, perhaps, but not always reliable, for such work was casual and oft seasonal, depending as it did on the shifts and movements of the upper classes. Not... Clearly, for the working classes, the situation was quite different. Yet unlike their middle-class and upper class counterparts, working-class women had job opportunities as domestic servants and in factories and, though both these occupations were lowly paid and demanding. As Jeffreys writes, unmarried women from the working class did have access to work and the vast majority of them were absorbed in the domestic servant industry which relied almost entirely on unmarried women.3 Becoming a domestic servant had its appeal for many young women of the time, as they were thus enabled to break free from the immediate constraints of their background The discomfort of poor, overcrowded homes and the problems of family life, beset by high birth rates, high mortality rates, and the emigration of men overseas, may have rendered domestic service in more prosperous houses initially at least an attractive alternative.4 Attractive, perhaps, but not always reliable, for such work was casual and often seasonal, depending as it did on the shifts and movements of the upper classes.Not surprisingly, working-class single women were more sexually vulnerab

Personal statement undefined and My goals Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Undefined and My goals - Personal Statement ExampleMy long term goals is to practice Human Resources Management in an physical composition which perceives Human Resources not as a selection and motivation department, but rather as a strategic business partner in create up a strong and healthy relation between the personnel and the senior management.Country boundaries are virtually eliminated and e-learning is an alternative way in gaining knowledge and starting a career. My plans are to pursue multiple sclerosis in Human Resource Management programme in Portsmouth University. My two year programme in Economics and Management at Almaty Economic University enabled me to acquire the necessary skills and intellectual predisposition to actively work on the Human Resource area. Obtaining a spirit level in Human Recourses/Personnel Management from Portsmouth University willing allow me to broaden my education horizon in this field and to seek employment in intumescent corporations whe re I will make a difference in will add value to securing a sound and professional Human Resources department. Another returns of the MSc in Human Resource Management programme is that is accredited by the Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development.My decision to continue my studies in the MSc in Human Resource Management programme in Portsmouth University has taken a lot of research and I am confident that Portsmouth University is the institution which will provide the courses and ad

Analyse the author's implicit and meaning of the text. Comment on the Assignment

Analyse the authors implicit and meaning of the text. Comment on the way He uses language to confine his point and whether or not is an appropriate way of starting his view - Assignment ExampleHe believes that he belongs to no community as sound as all of us. Therefore, nobody should abide by the word community. He suggests that even one should be cautious even being called a family. He suggests that media uses the word communities a lot and even in a terrorist act and other criminal issues. This makes population be in fear of the communities they live, and they need re-assurance.He further presents a man in his street that runs a community association. Nobody is joining this association. The man became the sole member and the leader of the association, and he smell to represent them. This after being advised that it is easy to negotiate with self-appointed leader than with many persons with their distinct concerns.He has a view that it is fictions when people announce about the faith, local and ethnic communities. He argues that the reason of using communities is to mitigate the individuality. This means that people ar not independent but are nether a bracket termed as community. This easily allows those in power to rule over or achieve their self-interest through the community. He argues that the government has categorise its people by type just as Marxism did by class. He suggests this is easily achieved through the community, but it is wrong. He cites the example of union leaders who are minority negotiating the salaries of the employees as one-way leaders achieve their self-interests. Clubs and universities in Briton is part of the large part of trying to pass their bureaucratic leadership and diminish the British spirit individualism.He refers to George Orwell and Aldous writings that demonstrate inhumanities of societies according to the imposed templates on them. He further suggests that the government is curtailing liberty through their chants of free people as a unit in a collective communal way. All this is for their leadership advantage and quest for power. He notes the

Hospitality-Accounting Professions in Hotel Essay

Hospitality-Accounting Professions in Hotel - Essay ExampleThe role of the accountant should be emphasised in order to gain competitive advantage.Another unique and contributing factor of accounting in shape of improved planning, controlling, co-ordinating and evaluation of firms performance. In addition, both labor and regulatory bodies should work together to promote the fair accounting practices in the perseverance. While keeping in view the case of Australian cordial reception industry in competition with the international hospitality industry, Australia should use fairness as an approach to compete with the global competition.I would like to express my gratitude to all the mountain who have been instrumental in the completion of this paper. First, my mentor, who has been very patient in guiding me through and through let on this undertaking. I would also like to give thanks the Australian hospitality industry managers who have dedicated their time and thoughts. I would also like to thank my friends and loved ones that have supported me until the completion of the paper. Lastly, I would like to thank our Lord Almighty for giving me the fortitude to accomplish this feat. To you be all the gloryPerhaps the foremost social and ethical responsibility levied upon private and habitual organisation in recent decades is the adoption of fair and just accounting practices. This responsibility is being increasingly codified in laws and various accounting standards. Its work out is becoming increasingly pervasive through a constant series of new and improved standards as well as steady enlargement in the size and scope of administering agencies.The improvement in public scrutiny and controlled market discipline is largely dependent upon the meaningful and accurate disclosure of information. This not yet helps the shareholders but also helps the organisation to conduct business in a safe and efficient manner by achieving their targets through improving their ris k vigilance processes. The researchers find many gaps in the appropriate disclosure of risk by the organisations. Many surveys have been conducted, a wide variety of studies and interviews from the information users and shareholders have pointed out towards gaps in the currently disclosed information. The demand of provision of accurate and timely information is increasing. (AICPA, 2005) describes the following uses of the business reports. Promote a common understanding of toll and alternatives that facilitate negotiations between users and companies about the (Murphy, 1999) sees Financial reporting and financial statements in particular can be thought of as a less through which one can view a business. Financial reporti

Nutrition - Obesity Essay Example for Free

Nutrition corpulency EssayObjective To assess the tie-in amongst the function of fasting aliment (FF) and corpse mass forefinger (BMI) of teen maturaters in a large UK birth cohort. Methods A structural equation modelling (SEM) approach was elect to allow direct statistical testing of a theoretical model. SEM is a combination of confirmatory factor and path analysis, which allows for the inclusion of latent (unmeasured) variables. This approach was employ to build two models the loading of FF outlet visits and nutriment choices and the effect of FF exposure on use of goods and services and BMI. Results A jibe of 3620 participants had info for summit meeting and system of heavinesss from the age 13 clinic and the frequency of FF outlet visits, and so were included in these analyses. This SEM model of food choices showed that change magnitude frequency of wasteing at FF outlets is positively associated with high usage of bloodshot foods (b ? 0. 29, Po0. 001) and negatively associated with the enjoyment of healthy foods (b ? A1. 02, Po0. 001). The SEM model of FF exposure and BMI showed that higher exposure to FF increases the frequency of visits to FF outlets (b ? 0. 61, Po0.001), which is associated with higher body mass index standard release score (BMISDS b ? 0. 08, Po0. 001). expiration was the largest contributing variable to the exposure (b ? 9. 2, Po0. 001). Conclusions The teens who ate at FF restaurants consumed to a greater extent unhealthy foods and were more likely to take for higher BMISDS than those teenagers who did non eat ofttimes at FF restaurants. Teenagers who were exposed to more takeaway foods at home ate more frequently at FF restaurants and eating at FF restaurants was alike associated with trim down intakes of vegetables and raw fruit in this cohort.International Journal of Obesity (2011) 35, 13251330 doi10. 1038/ijo. 2011. 120 published online 28 June 2011 Keywords fast food over weight down ALSPAC fou ndation garment Childhood obesity prevalence have risen dramatically in the last 30 years in the Western world with the most upstart figures for England and Wales show that 17% of boys and 16% of girls be obese. 1 An increase in the availability of calorie dense foods is implicated as champion of the factors in the aetiology of the obesity epidemic. devalued food (FF) is one section of the food market that has grown steadily over the last few decades and it was worth d8.9 billion in the linked Kingdom in 2005. 2 FF is typically quick, convenient, cheap and Correspondence Dr LK Fraser, School of Geography, University of Leeds, University road, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK. E-mail l. k. emailprotected ac. uk Received 6 February 2011 revised 21 April 2011 received 12 May 2011 published online 28 June 2011 uniform in its production,3 but FF is often high in saturated fats, energy dense and has low micronutrient content. 49 Studies from the United States of America have shown that children who consume FF (when comp atomic number 18d with children who do non eat FF) have higher energy intake and higher fat intakes9,10 as well as lower vegetable and milk intake.10,11 Therefore, the consumption of such foods could possibly result in a positive energy balance and hence, weight gain. There is some evidence from longitudinal studies in the United States of America that consuming FF as a teenager can result in weight gain in both archeozoic12 and middle adulthood. 13 FF is often marketed to children and adolescents through television, internet and movie advertising,1417 with brand recognition being present from an early on age. 18 The addition of toys as gifts with FF meals as well attracts children.There is growing body of literature that has assessed the location of FF outlets and has found that expanses of higher wishing debased food and body mass index LK Fraser et al 1326 have more FF outlets1921 and that FF outlets are often located close to schools. 2224 The ma jority of research to come crosswise has been undertaken in the United States of America, but a study that analysed the fat content of a FF meal in McDonalds and Kentucky Fried Chicken outlets in 35 countries showed that the amount of fat varied considerably between countries, within the same FF outlet.25 This means that results from studies in the United States of America whitethorn non be generalisable to an early(a)(prenominal) countries. This study aims to assess the cross-sectional association between the consumption of FF and the body mass index (BMI) of teenagers in a large UK birth cohort. Methods The info for this study were obtained from the Avon Longitudinal interpret of Parents and Children (ALSPAC),26 which is a birth cohort study where pregnant mothers who lived in the old Avon County in the United Kingdom (the Bristol region) were recruited in the early 1990s. A total of 14 541 mothers spot little recruitment.Because of retrospective recruitment the total sample size was 15 224 fetuses and 14 610 live births. This paper presents information on the teenagers who attended the year 13 clinic and completed the year 13 questionnaire. Variables The food frequency data were collected from the questionnaires completed by mother (or carer) and separate questionnaires completed by the teenagers themselves at age 13 years. The data used from the carer questionnaire (collected at the same time point) referred to the questions How often does s/he eat in a FF restaurant?The responses to this question were collected as never/rarely, once a month, once every 2 weeks, once or twice per week, 34 multiplication a week, 5 or more times a week. The carers were also asked In total, how many portions of vegetables does s/he eat in a week (do not include potatoes), In total, how many portions of raw fruit does s/he eat in a week? These were free mathematical responses, which were retained as a continuous variable for analyses.In the food frequency part of the teenager completed questionnaire the teenagers were asked If you ever buy food yourself from away(p) school, or from school vending machines, how often do you buy and eat separately of the following things (include after school and weekends) chips, burger, pizza, sandwich, pies or pasties, chocolate, crisps, fruit and other food. The height and weight data were collected at clinic visits at B13 years. The exact age, sex, height and weight were used to calculate a BMI standard digression score (BMISDS) for each participant (1990 UK reference dataset). 27 The teenagers International Journal of Obesity were classified as obese if their BMISDS was greater than the 95th percentile (BMISDS41. 64). The physical activity data were collected via accelerometry at the age 13 clinic visit.28 The participants wore an accelerometer for seven consecutive days and the measure used from this is mean counts per excellent, which is a continuous variable. A deprivation score was assigned to each pa rticipant by matching the coordinates of their residential address (when carer questionnaire was completed) to the appropriate lower tops(predicate) output area. Each lower super output area has an index of multiple deprivation score (Index of Multiple Deprivation 2007 (IMD))29 assigned from the local census data. This is a continuous variable in which a higher number indicates an area of higher deprivation.Ethnicity was assigned as per the childs ethnicity into a binary variable of white British and other ethnicity. Statistical modelling Descriptive statistics were performed in STATA version 10 (StataCorp LP, College Station, TX, USA). A structural equation modelling (SEM) approach was chosen to allow direct statistical testing of a theoretical model. SEM has many benefits over traditional regression techniques, which include the ability to model equations simultaneously and the incorporation of latent variables. 30 SEM is a combination of confirmatory factor and path analysis, wh ich allows for the inclusion of latent (unmeasured) variables.31 This approach was used to build two models the effect of FF outlet visits and food choices and the effect of FF exposure on consumption and BMI. The SEM analyses were undertaken in AMOS version 17. 0 (IBM SPSS, USA). The hypothesised model for food choices is shown in the results section ( hear 2). The observed variables are displayed as boxes and latent variables as circles. Each observed variable has an associated random error term and each latent variable has an associated disturbance term, which represents the variance in the latent variable that has not been explained by the observed variables associated with that latent variable. retroversion paths are shown by singleheaded arrows and covariances by double-headed curved arrows. The model fit was assessed by two indices the comparative fit index (CFI) and the root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA). The CFI is a comparison of the hypothesised model compare d with an independence model where all parameters are assumed to be independent. The RMSEA gives an meter reading of how well would the model, with unknown but optimally chosen values, fit the population covariance matrix if it were visible(prenominal).32 A combination of CFI40. 95 and a RMSEA of o0. 50 is a sign of good model fit. The w2-test of overall fit is very sensitive to large sample size so has not been used in these models. 30 The two models were constructed a priori using previous research. The nutritional content of chips, burgers, pizza and Fast food and body mass index LK Fraser et al 1327 pies are known to be high in saturated fat and energy and therefore are unhealthy,49,33 whereas fruit and vegetables are known to contain eccentric and vitamins and so are classified as healthy.Exposure to FF outlets is known to be higher in areas of higher deprivation. 1921 In the food choices model, unhealthy consumption (latent variable) was modelled from the frequency of consu mption of chips, burger, pizza and pies (reported by the teenagers themselves), and the healthy consumption was modelled from the number of pieces of vegetables and raw fruit consumed by the teenager (maternal report). The number of times that the teenager visited a FF outlet (maternal report) was regressed on the unhealthy and healthy consumption variables. The model for the effect of FF exposure on consumption and BMISDS is shown in Figure 3. here(predicate) exposure is a latent variable modelled from maternal and paternal takeaway frequency and deprivation score. The exposure is regressed on the number of visits to FF outlet. The BMISDS at age 13 years is the main outcome of this model. Ethical approval for the study was obtained from the ALSPAC Law and Ethics Committee and the local research ethics committees. Results A total of 3620 participants have data for height and weight from the age 13 clinic and the frequency of FF outlet visits, and were included in these analyses (SEM cannot use individuals with missing data). A total of 1711 (47. 3%) were boys and 456 (12.6%) obese.The descriptive statistics are shown in Table 1. Frequency of visiting FF outlets and food consumption frequencies are shown in Figure 1. The results of model 1 are shown in Figure 2 with regression weights shown in Table 2. This model showed that increased frequency of eating at FF outlets was positively associated with higher consumption of unhealthy foods (b ? 0. 29, Po0. 001) and negatively associated with the consumption of healthy foods (b ? A1. 02, Po0. 001). The CFI for model 1 was 0. 98 and the RMSEA was 0. 05 (90% confidence interval 0. 044, 0. 058). These represent good approximate model fit. Table 1.The results of model 2 are shown in Figure 3 with regression weight shown in Table 3. This model showed that increased exposure to FF increased the frequency of visits to FF outlets (b ? 0. 61, Po0. 001), which in turn was associated with higher BMISDS (b ? 0. 08, Po0. 001). D eprivation was the largest contributing variable to the exposure (b ? 9. 2, Po0. 001). The CFI for model 2 was 0. 98, and the RMSEA was 0. 021 (90% confidence interval 0. 009, 0. 033). These represent very good approximate model fit. Discussion This study shows that teenagers who are exposed to more unhealthy foods at home are more likely to eat at FF restaurants and have a higher BMISDS.The negative association of increased visits to FF outlets on consumption of healthy foods (fruit and vegetables) has also been demonstrated. The FF restaurant use in this analysis was reported by the mother or main carer of the teenager and showed that nearly 60% of all the teenagers ate at a FF restaurant at least once a month. This appears to be less frequently than in the United States of America, where studies showed that 60% of older children and adolescents ate FF more than once per week34 and that B30% of children ate at a FF restaurant on any typical day. 9.As one part of the SEM this study showed that eating at a FF outlet was associated with a higher BMISDS. There were no previous UK studies to compare these results with, but previous studies from the United States of America have not found consistent results. Boutelle et al. 11 found no association between frequency of FF consumption and adolescent BMI or weight status, and an Australian study Descriptive statistics Mean BMISDS Deprivation (IMD 2007)29 Physical activity (c. p. m. ) Raw fruit (portions per week) Vegetables (portions per week) s. d. Median IQR 0. 29 13. 7 541 9. 5 9. 5 1. 14 11. 4 190 7 7 0. 024 10. 6 511 8 8 A0. 47, 1. 06 5.9, 17. 0 404, 653 5, 14 5, 12 Abbreviations BMISDS, body mass index standard deviation score for age and sex c. p. m. , cycles per minute IMD 2007, Index of Multiple Deprivation 2007 IQR, interquartile range. Figure 1 Food frequency data. International Journal of Obesity Fast food and body mass index LK Fraser et al 1328 Figure 2 Results of SEM model of food choices. Table 2 Resu lts of SEM model of food choices Regression weights a Unhealthyfast food Healthyfast food Chipsunhealthy Burgerunhealthy Fruithealthy Vegetableshealthy Pizzaunhealthy Piesunhealthy picture s. e. CR P 0. 285 A1. 023 1. 000 0. 732 1. 000 1. 157 0. 774 0.530 0. 021 0. 124 13. 439 A8. 274 o0. 001 o0. 001 0. 016 45. 243 o0. 001 0. 148 0. 018 0. 016 7. 802 42. 483 32. 720 o0. 001 o0. 001 o0. 001 Abbreviations CR, critical ratio SEM, structural equation modeling. aAll consumption variables units never/rarely, once a month, once every 2 weeks, once or twice per week, 34 times a week, 5 or more times a week. showed that FF eaten at home (but not away from home) was associated with higher BMI in adolescents (MacFarlane).Two longitudinal studies using data from the CARDIA study found that higher FF intake in adolescence was associated with higher BMI in young adulthood12 and those who ate FF more than twice a week had put on an extra 4. 5 kg of weight 15 years later. 13 The teenagers who ate more frequently at FF restaurants were more likely to eat less fruit and vegetables, as well as consume more unhealthy foods (chips, burger, pizza, pies) than those teenagers who ate at FF restaurants less frequently.This is an indication that the consumption of unhealthy foods may displace healthy food choices. This is similar to previous research in the United States of America, International Journal of Obesity which showed that children who ate FF consumed 45 g less vegetables per day than children who did not eat FF.10 At age 13 years the food frequency data were a combination of maternal and self-report from the teenagers, but the total macro- and micronutrient values could not be assessed in this study as these data were not yet available at the time of writing. Deprivation was the largest contributor to the FF exposure variable. This could be explained by the fact that those of higher deprivation eat more FF because of the relative cheapness of FF. It has also been shown in m any studies in the United Kingdom and the United States of America that areas of higher deprivation have more FF outlets than more affluent areas therefore, FF is more pronto available.35 An wagering economics paper from the United States of America showed that increasing the cost of FF by $1 could decrease BMI by 0. 78 units. 36 The increased consumption of unhealthy foods (chips, burger, pizzas and pies) by those teenagers who ate more frequently at FF outlets was not surprising, but the associated negative effect of the consumption of fruit and vegetables by these participants is important. These teenagers go forth not only be consuming more of the saturated fat and salt from the burgers, and so on, but at the same time they are not consuming important nutrients from fruit and vegetables.Although many FF outlets now offer more healthy alternatives such as fruit and vegetables, the consumers may still be choosing the unhealthy foods. Fast food and body mass index LK Fraser et al 1329 The FF question completed by the carer did not specify what constituted FF so some respondents may only count large franchises as FF whereas others may use a broader definition that includes independent takeaways. Although the frequency of eating at a FF restaurant was asked, the carers were not asked about the food eaten from these establishments and many FF restaurants now offer more healthy alternatives.Although the majority of FF items do not meet the Food Standards Agency nutrient standards for total fat, saturated fat, sugar and sodium there are wide variations in similar products from different FF outlets with sodium content varying by up to quaternary times in fried chicken products. 37 Therefore, having data on which food items were consumed from which FF outlet would further enhance future studies. There was no information on why the teenagers ate at FF restaurants, and key questions for the future include was there no alternative eating establishments in their neig hbourhood?Did they prefer FF to other meals or was the cost of food important? Conclusions This study has shown that the teenagers who ate at FF restaurants consumed more unhealthy foods and were more likely to have higher BMISDS than those teenagers who did not eat frequently at FF restaurants. Teenagers who were exposed to more takeaway foods at home ate more frequently at FF restaurants. Eating at FF restaurants was also associated with lower intakes of vegetables and raw fruit in this cohort. Figure 3 The SEM model of FF exposure and BMI. Table 3 Results of SEM model of FF exposure and body mass index Regression weights Fast food exposure.Maternal fast foodexposure Deprivationexposure Paternal fast foodexposure BMISDSfast food BMISDSc. p. m. a Estimate s. e. CR 0. 61 1. 000 9. 20 0. 66 0. 08 0. 00 0. 07 8. 654 1. 07 0. 08 0. 02 0. 00 8. 605 8. 680 3. 586 A3. 351 P o0. 001 o0. 001 o0. 001 o0. 001 o0. 001 Abbreviations BMISDS, body mass index standard deviation score for age and s ex c. p. m. , cycles per minute CR, critical ratio FF, fast food IMD 2007, Index of Multiple Deprivation 2007 SEM, structural equation modeling. a All consumption variables units never/rarely, once a month, once every 2 weeks, once or twice per week, 34 times a week, 5 or more times a week.Strengths/limitations This is a large dataset with good-quality height and weight data taken at clinic visits by trained staff using validated equipment. There were food consumption data about the teenagers available from both the teenagers and their carers, but this is a cross-sectional study so causation cannot be implied from this data. As expected in a longitudinal study there is attrition and the subcohort used in this study may not be truly representative of the whole cohort. Conflict of interest The authors declare no conflict of interest. Acknowledgements.We are extremely grateful to all the families who took part in this study, the midwives for their help in recruiting and the whole ALSPA C team, which include interviewers, computer and science laboratory technicians, clerical workers, research scientists, volunteers, managers, receptionists and nurses. The UK Medical Research Council (grant ref 74882), The Wellcome Trust (grant ref 076467) and the University of Bristol provide core support for ALSPAC. LKF was funded by ESRC/MRC studentship.References 1 Craig RS. Health survey for England 2007, 2008. for sale from http//www. natcen. ac. uk/study/health-survey-for-england-2007. 2 Keynote.UK fast food and home delivery outlets, 2006. 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